Tuesday, December 24, 2019

The Battle Of The Rhine River - 875 Words

crossing the Rhine River as they captured hundreds of thousands of the Germany’s Army Group B troops (Murphy Bailey, 1997). Meanwhile, the Red Army had accessed Australia, and both fronts swiftly entered Berlin. As a result, the German territory got pounded by the Allied aircraft’s strategic bombing campaigns, which destroyed several cities at night (Stern Weinberg, 1995). Germany placed a fierce defense in the first several months of 1945 but quickly lost territory as a result of running out of supplies and exhausting its options (Hinde Rotblat, 2003). The Allied forces then, in April 1945, pushed through the German defensive front in Italy. What followed was the East meeting the West on 25th April 1945 on River Elbe, the point at which the American Troops met the Soviet near Torgau in Germany (Hinde Rotblat, 2003). As a result, the Third Reich came to an end, and the Soviet took Berlin (Hinde Rotblat, 2003; Stern Weinberg, 1995). As the Western Allies closed in on the Germans, Hitler greatly hoped for the separation of the alliance that he had forged against, and he believed the Germans loss in the First World War was due to the collapse of the home front (Hinde Rotblat, 2003). He, therefore, made the assumption that the dictatorship establishment and the systematic killing of all the Jews would finally guarantee him victory (Hinde Rotblat, 2003). Hitler however never succeeded, and when he sensed defeat, he decided to commit suicide with his mistressShow MoreRelatedStrategy and Obstacles in the Battle of Arracourt Essay1354 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Arracourt was the greatest tank battle of the war on the Allied Front.† This is how US Major General John S. Wood described the Battle of Arracourt, which took place in the last weeks of September 1944 in Northern France. The Allied Forces had landed in Normandy in June 1944, and by the summer had broken out of their beachhead. This started the great pursuit of the German forces ac ross northern France towards the German border. By early fall of 1944, General George S. Patton’s Third Army had racedRead MoreEssay on The Battle of the Bulge 804 Words   |  4 Pagesoffensive has started. This battle was the Battle of the Bulge also known as the Battle of Bastogne or the Battle of the Ardennes. The Battle of the Bulge was the last German assault that failed greatly and lead to the Germans losing important forces, it allowed the allied forces to invade Germany and cause Germany to surrender. The Battle of the Bulge was the last German assault that failed greatly and lead to the Germans losing important forces.â€Å"The phrase ‘Battle of the Bulge’ was [used by]Read MoreWhat Is The Federal Republic Of Germany1032 Words   |  5 PagesSea to the north-west and the North Sea to the northeast. The landscape is diverse and ranges from flat plains utilized for farming to mountains enjoyed for skiing. 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No one knows exactly how the empires demise came to be an d is still debated today but there are some major factors recognized that caused Rome to fall. The land of barbarians were located beyond the western border of Rome along Rhine and Danube rivers and would slowly become a serious threat to Rome and eventually led to the fall of the empire. At first, they posed no danger as they were only German farmers that were nomadic because of their poor agricultural skills. The barbarians couldRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem George Washington Crossing The Delaware River 867 Words   |  4 Pagesgeneral George Washington and his men braved the cold and crossed the Delaware River to attack unsuspecting British soldiers. This bold move helped to turn the tides of the American Revolution and proved to be one of the most important American victories of the war. This historical battle was commemorated through a painting by German artist, Emmanuel Leutze. The painting of George Washington crossing the Delaware River properly represents the fighting spirit and resiliency of the colonial forces duringRead MoreThe Air Defense Of France1123 Words   |  5 Pagesin France is located on Mont Blanc at 15,770 ft. above sea level. France’s northeast side is primarily forests and runs along the Rhine River Valley. In the southeast lie, the Gorges du Verdon, this massive canyon is 700 meters deep and about 11 miles long. The longest river is the Lorie it is 630 miles long some other major rivers are the Garonne, and Rhine River. One of Frances main tourist attractions is the Eiffel tower located in Paris, which is also the country’s capital (Europe (2016)

Sunday, December 15, 2019

Nursing Sociology How Class Affects Health Free Essays

Inequalities in health between social groups have long been a dominant feature of British Society. Evidence suggests that people in the lower social scale suffer from ill health more than the middle and upper classes. This essay aims to address the reasons for this trend by primarily looking at evidence found in the Black Report, Acheson Report and the Marmot Review and by evaluating the explanations given to support the evidence. We will write a custom essay sample on Nursing Sociology : How Class Affects Health or any similar topic only for you Order Now The concept of social class is wide ranging – people can move between classes or have character/ occupational traits that cross more than one class. (Giddens, 2001: p282) described Social Class as ‘A large scale grouping of people who share common resources which strongly influence the type of lifestyle they are able to lead. ’ Government statisticians have measured Social Class using the ‘Registrar General’s Social Class’ (RGSC) scale.First used in Britain in 1911, the census divided people into six social classes based on the occupation of the head of household; Men were allocated on basis of their occupation, Married/cohabiting women on basis of their partner’s occupation, Children on basis of their father’s occupation and Single women on basis of their own occupation. Following the 2001 census the scale used to measure class changed to the ‘National Statistics Socioeconomic Classification (NS-SEC)’.The change of scale reflected the changing nature of occupations, the growth of middle class professions, the levels of social esteem that these jobs attracted and it ran ked the occupations according to the level of responsibility that the job entailed. The Black Report published in 1980 was a report commissioned by the Labour Government. It used the Registrar General scale as follows; I) Professional II) Managerial/Technical III (NM) Skilled (non-manual) III(M) Skilled (manual) IV) Partly Skilled V) Unskilled VI) OtherTo show the health inequalities of people in Social Class V compared to those in Social Class I. It demonstrated that although the health of the nation had improved since the introduction of the Welfare state, there were still large divides between the social classes, with the people in social class V suffering more from poor health. It is evident from the life expectancy rates that people in Social Class V live shorter lives than that of people higher social classes. The Black Report revealed that class differences are found at birth, childhood, adolescence and in adult life.Average life expectancy is a useful summary of the impact of disadvantages and advantages on a person’s life due to their class. In 1980 a child born to parents in social classes I – II will live on average five years longer than a child born into social classes IV – V. The risk of death during birth and the first month of life in class V was double the risk in class I. In 1977 Babies born into class III(M) had one and a half times more risk of mortality than babies born from parents i n social class I and for every one male infant death in class I there were almost two deaths in class III(M) and four deaths in class V (Table 2). There were more cases of children dying with diseases of the respiratory system and infective parasitic diseases in the lower social classes. See Graph 3 . Adult males and females in class V had one and a half to two times the risk of death than those of the same age group in social class I. From the sample range of 15-64 years from when the Black report was compiled, people in the earlier ages had the greatest mortality rate within the different classes as Table 4 indicates.The premature deaths in Britain was systematically linked to socio-economic class, it was a trend that was not new or unusual when the report was commissioned and is still a factor in today’s society. The Independent Inquiry into Inequalities in Health Report (also known as the Acheson Report), was a report published in 1998 by the Labour Government. The Acheson Report reiterated the evidence found in its predecessor the Black Report, that there are considerable disparities between health and the social cl asses. The Acheson report also used the Registrar General Scale to support its findings, although the report did take note of the level of education, the residential area and the ability to own assets as a factor of defining social class. The Acheson report found that death rates had fallen between the years 1978-1998, but the differences among the top and bottom scale had widened. For People in the lower social classes, mortality rates were three times higher in 1990’s than they were in the 1970’s. See table 5. This is due to a significant decline in the higher social classes mortality rate than in the lower classes.Premature Mortality (death before the age of 65) was considerably higher for those in social class V, Heart Disease was the prominent reason for premature death. See table 6. A link to such a large percentage of people dying due to heart disease could be linked to the problem of obesity within the lower classes. Although life expectancy had risen and people were living longer, they were not necessarily living healthier lives. In 2010 the Government ordered ‘Fair Society, Healthy Lives’ (The Marmot Review) The report used the NS-SEC method of gauging social class.In England the report discovered that people living in the poorest areas were on average more likely to die seven years younger than those living in the wealthier neighbourhoods. See graph seven. More worryingly the report found that there is still a problem that was addressed in the Acheson report 13 years previously – that people in the lower social classes and living in poor areas have a greater level of living a life with a disability, some 17 years more than in the wealthier classes and regions.To summarise, people not only die sooner in the lower classes, they also spend their shorter life with a disability. The Marmot Review explained the disparity as ‘Differences in health do not arise by chance, and they cannot be attributed simply to genetic makeup, ‘bad’ behaviour, or difficulties in access to medical care, important as these factors may be. Social and economic differences in health status reflect, and are caused by, social and economic inequalities in society.The Commission on Social Determinants of Health (CSDH), set up by the World Health Organisation, concluded that social inequalities in health arise because of inequalities in the conditions of daily life – the conditions in which people are born, grow, live, work and age – and the fundamental drivers that give rise to them: inequities in power, money and resources. There are four main explanations as to why socio economic status affects health so greatly. One reason is Measuring Artefact (Townsend and Davidson, 1982: 154) both class and health are artefacts of the measuring process, and ny obs erved relationship must also be an artefact. Variations in diagnosis, certification, classification and coding processes have been identified as contributing to observed health relationships (Bloor et al. , 1987). Class related health differences are merely the result of the biases involved in the measurement and recording of the data obtained in the reports. Further reports such as the Acheson Report have rejected this explanation as the evidence was deemed to be consistent and used long ranging data to back up the claims made. Another explanation is the Natural / Social Selection.This perspective argues that health status can influence social position. It is suggested that those who are healthy are more likely to be upwardly mobile and those who are unhealthy are more likely to drift into the lower social classes (Nettleton 2006, p182) In other words it’s ill health that causes people to lead a life of poverty – people cannot hold down a full time job if they have a chronic medical condition that leads to them needing to take time off work sick, therefore it’s not poverty itself that’s the cause of a person’s ill health, rather ill health causing poverty.H owever, most health problems emerge when people enter adulthood often after commencing full time education and career choices have been made making this hypothesis less likely. Cultural explanations suggest that the lower social classes prefer a less healthy lifestyle. (Nettleton 2006, p 183)They eat more foods that are high in fat, smoke more and take less exercise than the upper and middle classes. (Our Healthier nation, 1998) commented that a sense of control over life and having optimism for the future is good for health.However people in the lower classes may have an underdeveloped locus of self control; their fate starts and ends with the life chances they were born with. ‘Those who are more deprived in society will, because of their position relative to others, experience more depression and anxiety which, in turn, may be associated with lower levels of well being and poorer health (Graham. E, et al 2000, p 177). Leading to a feeling of hopelessness at the hand they were dealt with in life, low income, deprivation and social exclusion all influence smoking levels.It’s harder to stop smoking when worrying about making ends meet (Our Healthier Nation, 1998, p 16) this creates a self fulfilling prophecy which in turns leads to a l ife of deprivation and ill health. The Materialistic explanation blames living in poverty as the reason for ill health. ‘Those on low incomes, live in poorer housing conditions, in more polluted areas with fewer facilities, can afford less of many of the more palatable forms of healthy food and are often employed in the most heavy and hazardous industries (Blane et al. 998). Poor housing conditions, lack of resources, higher risk occupations, limited access to transport links all impact negatively on health. Although this reason isn’t the answer for all the ill health in society (some conditions are more prevalent in the upper classes, such as prostate cancer) there is little dispute that the poorest regions of Britain have the worst cases of ill health and mortality. It is evident that Social class is made up of variables, such as; occupation, education, social status, background and wealth.Each person in society has their own history and it would be naive and stereotypical to say that every person in a lower social class smokes, eats badly and doesn’t take any exercise. Similarly, not every person in the upper classes lives a life without becoming ill at any time. All of these factors can influence a person’s health and lifestyle choices. It is hard to over look the evidence, coupled with the material explanation, that people will have a shorter life, more prone to ill health than that of the wealthier, elevated social classes. How to cite Nursing Sociology : How Class Affects Health, Papers

Saturday, December 7, 2019

Security for sustaining Regenerating

Question: Discuss about the Security for sustaining Regenerating. Answer: Introduction: The pivot of this study is to deliver a sustainable developmental idea for the future growth of Australia. With the context of the idea, this study attempts to provide a systematic approach on posing security as a sustainable developmental issue for the country. The country is vulnerable to security threats like terrorist attacks, domestic violence, cyber attacks and many more. Hence, the matter demands an urgent lookout and necessary actions. Describing the facts for maintaining security as a critical factor for Australias sustainability, regeneration and innovation: If the numbers of security threats like terrorist attacks, cyber breaches and domestic violence increase daily, it is necessary that the security of the countries are needed to be impregnable. In the case of Australia, thus this applies very much. The terrorists groups are increasing in numbers, therefore, the security measures are needed to be strict. In order to have stringent security measures, in the words of Wilkins (2012, p.112), countries are needed to take technological support. With the help of technology, Australia will be able to improve its overall security measures. The weapons are needed to be upgraded, the cyber securities are needed to get multilayered protections. In addition to this, the administration is needed to be adequate and flexible. Hence, it can be said that security measures do not only focus upon one thing rather many correlated matters that improve the overall system. In this context, it can be said that while upgrading the security measures, it is also be looked upon that secrecy is needed to be maintained. With high secrecy, it would be best for Australia to develop new generation weaponries. It can collaborate with other countries in the matter. If the security measures are developed well enough, the future generation of the country will be able to live positively and freely. In the recent days, the terrorists are affecting securities in many ways and the activists of these terrorists groups are dispersed. There are no headquarters and the groups are recruiting members online, therefore every other day, the terrorists are getting born, intended to crack down on general people. Therefore, security enhancement is always necessary for the country. One way of doing this is collaborating with private companies and on the other hand, the collaboration can be made with other countries. However, as far as the level of the steps is measured, it can be said that this only will relate to international threats, handling domestic violence is more critical and fragile issue. It can be seen that racism is present in the Australian community. The minds are not free from the trifling matter, therefore, it is often seen that an Australian has killed someone coming from another country. Therefore, it can be seen that at domestic level also the security measures are needed to apt, which can be done by making and applying stringent laws. In addition to this, the Australian government also needs to focus upon changing its natives minds, thereby secure the future of the next generations where everyone can live without any discrepancies. Discussion and analysis: Main strategic issues relating to security: The main strategic issues relating to security are technology, collaboration and improvement in the psychological orders. In the words of Toft et al. (2010, p.4411), a country is vulnerable to every security threats possible, be it international ones or the domestic violence. Therefore, it is always necessary to improve the technologies relating to security measures. The first could be improving the weaponries of Australia. In this way, Australia will be able to safeguard itself from all potential threats. In addition to this, the information technology is also needed to be improved. These days the cyber attacks are getting increased in numbers and as the countries are shifting towards software database, these information storages are needed to be impregnable. However, there are always hackers active trying to lay their hands on the information. This entails the government to protect their most serious information hidden and safe. In order to this, the security control is needed to b e stringent yet flexible. The passwords are needed to be changed in timely manner to improve overall security of the information. In addition to this, the government also is needed to develop new applications for the general people to handle domestic violence. There are regular cases of turmoil in the country, therefore, these apps will help the administration to improve the total security measures. In addition to these, another serious concern of the Australia, that its black market with weapons is widely spread and it is easy to get ones hand over a gun in no time. Therefore, the administration is also needed to improve its approach towards these kinds of matter. Another strategic approach could be joining hands with other countries like USA, UK, China etc. These countries have security measures of superior level. They are always inventing new ways to tighten the security of their countries. Therefore, it is always acceptable that Australia also comes up with collaboration with countries with which it has positive relationships. Main uncertainties relating to strategic approach of security: The uncertainty of a strategic approach where security is the point of concern is that it is uncertain in nature. A security threat can come up from anywhere and anytime. Therefore, it is unforeseeable in nature. Only one can do is to assess the potential threats and be prepared for the future incidents. In the words of Nieto-Gmez (2011, p.45), any government is vulnerable to security threats. Therefore, beforehand strategies are needed to be done. In addition to this, the contingency plans are needed to be maintained for any setbacks or sudden disruption. With uncertainty factor, another concerning matter with security is the cost measurements. Applying technology increases the cost structure. Therefore, the Australian government needs to make huge funds to acquire and apply these technologies. In addition to this, it also requires to influx funds into research and development programs and emphasize more upon the indigenously built resources. In addition tothese matters, Australian government also needs to change the culture of its society. There are multiple report lodged with the police where racism has been the main point of concern. Therefore, it is needed in urgent that the government introduces new fundamental ethics that may change the mentality of the future generations and they find themselves in a communal harmony. Main forces that will drive enhancement of security: The key drivers that will change the security of Australia is the cost factor, the technology and the ability to foresee future incidents. It has been stated above that application of technology will only need additional funds. Therefore, the cost factor has become the most important driver for security enhancement in Australia. Apart from the finance part, the Australian government also needs to improve the ability to foresee the potential security threats. There has been many incidents where the victim had not had any idea of the attack. Hence, the Australian government needs to be updated in all respect and in every minute, as far as the international threats are concerned. They have to be prepared for any kind of sudden disruptions. However, on domestic front, the task would be applying stringent laws and also changing the nature of its people. Here, it could be said that the Australian government has been able to progress in the matter a quite. However, more improvement is neede d on this front. In the international level, it can collaborate with other countries, where the counterparties will be benefitting. In addition to this, it will also be helpful if the Australian government join hands with the private sector to improve the security in all respect. Summary: In concluding the study it can be said that security is a serious concern for Australia, as the country is vulnerable to potential threats from international level as well as domestic level. The ways to improve them are clear and well assessed. The country can tie up with other countries diplomatically. It can invest funds into research and development programs to improve the security. It can also improve the weaponries and also protect information of national level with high alert. Thereby, it can improve its overall security measures and also can gift a country to its future generations with no security concerns. Bibliography: D'arcy, J. and Herath, T., (2011). A review and analysis of deterrence theory in the IS security literature: making sense of the disparate findings.European Journal of Information Systems,20(6), pp.643-658. Choo, K.K.R., (2011). The cyber threat landscape: Challenges and future research directions.Computers Security,30(8), pp.719-731. Kenna, T., (2010). Fortress Australia?(In) security and private governance in a gated residential estate.Australian Geographer,41(4), pp.431-446. Farrell, G., Tilley, N., Tseloni, A. and Mailley, J., (2011). The crime drop and the security hypothesis.Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, p.22 Lieberthal, K. and Jisi, W., (2012). Addressing US-China strategic distrust. Marcus, A., (2016).Strategic foresight: A new look at scenarios. Springer. Nieto-Gmez, R., (2011). The Power of" the Few": A Key Strategic Challenge for the Permanently Disrupted High-Tech Homeland Security Environment.Homeland Security Affairs,7(1). Robinson, N., Gribbon, L., Horvath, V. and Cox, K., (2013). Cyber-security threat characterisation. Wilkins, T.S., (2012). Japan-Australia Security Relations: Building a Real Strategic Partnership?.Bilateral Perspectives on Regional Security: Australia, Japan and the Asia-Pacific Region, London: Palgrave, pp.111-127. Toft, P., Duero, A. and Bieliauskas, A., (2010). Terrorist targeting and energy security.Energy Policy,38(8), pp.4411-4421.